Diabetes Lifestyle Management

# Diabetes Management Guide 2026

## Overview
Diabetes affects 537 million adults globally (IDF 2025). Type 2 diabetes accounts for 90% of cases and is largely preventable through lifestyle modification.

## Blood Glucose Targets
- Fasting: 80-130 mg/dL
- Postprandial (2hr): <180 mg/dL
- HbA1c: <7.0% (individualized)

## Diet Recommendations
1. **Carbohydrate counting**: 45-60g per meal for most adults
2. **Fiber intake**: 25-30g daily (soluble fiber from oats, legumes, psyllium)
3. **Glycemic index**: Choose low-GI foods (whole grains, legumes, non-starchy vegetables)
4. **Meal timing**: Consistent carbohydrate distribution across 3 meals + 1-2 snacks

## Exercise
- Aerobic: 150 min/week moderate intensity (brisk walking, cycling)
- Resistance: 2-3 sessions/week (8-10 exercises, 10-15 reps)
- Timing: Post-meal walking (10-15 min) significantly reduces postprandial glucose

## Medications
- Metformin: first-line, start 500mg daily, titrate to 2000mg
- SGLT2 inhibitors (empagliflozin, dapagliflozin): cardiovascular and renal benefit
- GLP-1 receptor agonists (semaglutide, tirzepatide): weight loss + glycemic control

## Monitoring
- CGM (Continuous Glucose Monitor): recommended for insulin-dependent patients
- Self-monitoring: 2-4x daily for insulin users, 1-2x for non-insulin
- Annual complications screening: eye exam, foot exam, renal function, lipid panel

Diabetes lifestyle management

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