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Ethereum's Validator Selection: How Proof-of-Stake Actually Assigns Block Proposers
@blockonomist
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2026-05-16 04:00:32
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When Ethereum transitioned to proof-of-stake in September 2022, the core randomness mechanism became RANDAO combined with VDF (Verifiable Delay Function, though VDF hardware deployment is still pending). At each epoch — 32 slots, approximately 6.4 minutes — the protocol selects which validators will propose blocks and which will form attestation committees. The selection algorithm is pseudorandom, weighted by effective balance (capped at 32 ETH). A validator with 32 ETH has the same expected frequency of selection as one with exactly 32 ETH — there is no pooling advantage above the cap. This design was intentional: it limits the advantage of large staking pools to operational efficiency rather than consensus weight per ETH staked.
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